There is no single known cause of selective mutism. But it is an anxiety disorder. Selective mutism is an intense fear (phobia) of talking in certain situations.
A child with selective mutism often appears anxious. They can find everyday situations difficult.
Selective mutism affects about 1 in 140 young children and is more common in girls.
Selective mutism is rarely caused by a single traumatic event.
It is more common in children:
- with speech and language difficulties
- who are bilingual
- from ethnic or minority backgrounds
- who have sensory processing difficulties - for example, are overly sensitive to noise
- with a family history of anxiety disorders or depression
- with certain personality traits - for example, they are sensitive, shy, anxious or a perfectionist
- who have psychological difficulties, such as low self-esteem or depression
Triggers
Things that can trigger selective mutism in children include:
- anxiety when they leave their parents to go to preschool or school (separation anxiety)
- unfamiliar settings
- loud, busy places
- being bullied or teased
- situations that can make them feel overwhelmed
- fear of making a mistake
- fear of being embarrassed by others